On August 15, 2021, a spokesperson of the Islamic Emirate of Afghanistan, the Taliban’s self-
proclaimed state, declared on Twitter: “With the help of God, and the support of the nation, we are now in control of all parts of the country. We would like to congratulate our nation on this
big achievement.” After 20 years of conflict with U.S. and NATO coalition forces, no one
predicted the speed with which the Taliban would consolidate power and precipitate the collapse
of the Afghan government and military.

The world faces a forcible displacement crisis. Across the world, tens of millions of individuals have been
forced from their homes and across international boundaries. The causes and consequences of refugee
flows are, therefore, the subjects of significant social science inquiry.

Yemen is a country of about 30 million people. It occupies the southwestern tip of the Arabian Peninsula and borders Saudi Arabia, Oman, and the shipping lanes of the Red Sea and Gulf of Aden.

Climate fragility afflicts more and more countries in the world today. Flood and drought, as well as changes in multi-year and seasonal variability, have become major risk factors.